Aircraft simulator free download - Flight Simulator 2004: A Century of Flight aircraft editor, Aircraft Flight Simulator, Aircraft Flight Simulator 3D, and many more programs. The realism of today’s sims is such that the aviation press now regularly features simulation software in its pages and the number of pilots now involved in developing FS software shows that flight simulation is far beyond what you might call a ‘game’. This next generation aircraft gives you a perfect balance of efficient innovations, state-of-the-art technology, and classic good looks. Flight One Software is proud to bring this authentic rendition of the C162 Skycatcher simulation exclusively for Microsoft Flight Simulator X users. GeoFS is a free, online flight simulator, with global scenery, that runs in your web browser. Whether you are a licensed pilot practicing VFR, an aviation enthusiast or just looking for some fun flying in beautiful landscapes, you can enjoy any of the 20 available aircraft, ranging from para-glider to airliners, absolutely anywhere in the world.
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Flight sims range from transporting passengers on jet planes to fighting battles in World War II. Almost all time periods are represented, whether it's a themed game (WWII is popular) or a historical plane included in a flight sim. With the add-ons available for 'Microsoft Flight Simulator,' you can fly just about anywhere, and with X-Plane 10, you can manipulate weather conditions and system failures for some scary good fun.
Our Top Picks
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'X-Plane 11 Global Flight Simulator'
Flight enthusiasts are bound to enjoy the 3D cockpits that are part of every aircraft in 'X-Plane 11 Global Flight Simulator.' Even beginners can quickly learn to negotiate thousands of airports, immersive landscapes, and realistic cities. This flight simulator delivers a close-to-realistic experience for serious flight sim fans.
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'X-Plane 10'
'X-Plane 10' is one of the most realistic flight simulators on the market. You can create your own planes or fly just about any type of plane. It has everything from gliders to space shuttles and allows users to change flight conditions, play with different weights, and take off from thousands of different airports. It also has multiplayer functionality so you can duke it out with your friends.
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'Microsoft Flight Simulator X'
Create your own routes, fly across the world, and make your own airplanes. The gameplay of 'Microsoft Flight Simulator' can be extended through downloading plane skins and buying add-ons made by third-party developers. With each new version, new aircraft and cities are added. This time around, Microsoft did something a little different and added mission-based play. 'Microsoft Flight Simulator X' comes in standard and deluxe editions. The deluxe version comes with more cities, airplanes, and airports.
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'IL-2 Sturmovik'
What is public domain software. 'IL-2 Sturmovik' is a WWII combat flight simulator. If you are looking for a combat flight simulator, look no further. This game has awesome features. There is an excellent mission builder, multiplayer features that include up to 32 players in dogfight mode and stunning graphics. The combat takes place in the air, and from the air to the ground. Anyone interested in war and flight will enjoy this one.
You may also want to take a look at our picks for the best World War II flight simulators. And if you like WW2 games in general, read our reviews of the best World War II strategy PC games.
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'Lock On: Modern Air Combat'
Take over the helm of eight jets from America or Russia in combat action. 'Lock On: Modern Air Combat' comes with training and quick-start missions. If single player missions are not your thing, you can play with up to 32 players via LAN or six through the internet.
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'B-17 Flying Fortress'
Flight Sim X Plane Downloads
Take control of a B-17 bomber and participate in long-range daylight bombing missions in 'B-17 Flying Fortress.' You'll be in command of a squadron of 12 bombers, as they target positions 20,000 feet below to destroy them. Play as a tail gunner to take out interceptors. For variety, you can join the Luftwaffe and work to prevent the B-17s from delivering their payloads.
Looking for more simulation games? We did the research and found the best airport simulation games available this year.
What to Look for in Flight Simulators for PC
Plane selection - Each flight simulator game offers a different array of planes you can fly. A WWII game will have historical planes from that era, while games set in today’s time will have more modern jets. Some games even have the option to create your own flyer.
Detail level - The graphics of your game make all the difference. While part of it depends on the capabilities of your gaming system, the development of the game will also play a factor. The more realistic and detailed the graphics are, the more immersive the experience will be.
Add-ons - At their most basic, all flight simulators are the same. However, it’s the add-ons that really set one game apart from another. If variation is important to you, look for games with lots of different airports and landscapes. You can also alter the experience by manipulating the weather conditions, cargo weights, and airplane skins.
F/A-18 Hornet flight simulator aboard the USS Independence aircraft carrier
A flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and the environment in which it flies, for pilot training, design, or other purposes. It includes replicating the equations that govern how aircraft fly, how they react to applications of flight controls, the effects of other aircraft systems, and how the aircraft reacts to external factors such as air density, turbulence, wind shear, cloud, precipitation, etc. Flight simulation is used for a variety of reasons, including flight training (mainly of pilots), the design and development of the aircraft itself, and research into aircraft characteristics and control handling qualities.[1]
- 1History of flight simulation
- 2Types of flight training devices in service
- 3Technology
- 4Qualification and approval
- 4.2Flight simulator 'levels' and other categories
- 5Modern high-end flight simulators
- 8References
History of flight simulation[edit]
In 1910, on the initiative of the French commanders Clolus and Laffont and Lieutenant Clavenad, the first ground training aircraft for military aircraft were built. The 'Tonneau Antoinette' (Antoinette barrel), created by the Antoinette company, seems to be the precursor of flight simulators.
World War I (1914–18)[edit]
An area of training was for air gunnery handled by the pilot or a specialist air gunner. Firing at a moving target requires aiming ahead of the target (which involves the so-called lead angle) to allow for the time the bullets require to reach the vicinity of the target. This is sometimes also called 'deflection shooting' and requires skill and practice. During World War I, some ground-based simulators were developed to teach this skill to new pilots.[2]
The 1920s and 1930s[edit]
Link Trainer patent drawing, 1930
The best-known early flight simulation device was the Link Trainer, produced by Edwin Link in Binghamton, New York, USA, which he started building in 1927. He later patented his design, which was first available for sale in 1929. The Link Trainer was a basic metal frame flight simulator usually painted in its well-known blue color. Some of these early war era flight simulators still exist, but it is becoming increasingly difficult to find working examples.[3]
The Link family firm in Binghamton manufactured player pianos and organs, and Ed Link was therefore familiar with such components as leather bellows and reed switches. He was also a pilot, but dissatisfied with the amount of real flight training that was available, he decided to build a ground-based device to provide such training without the restrictions of weather and the availability of aircraft and flight instructors. His design had a pneumatic motion platform driven by inflatable bellows which provided pitch and roll cues. A vacuum motor similar to those used in player pianos rotated the platform, providing yaw cues. A generic replica cockpit with working instruments was mounted on the motion platform. When the cockpit was covered, pilots could practice flying by instruments in a safe environment. The motion platform gave the pilot cues as to real angular motion in pitch (nose up and down), roll (wing up or down) and yaw (nose left and right).[4]
Initially, aviation flight schools showed little interest in the 'Link Trainer'. Link also demonstrated his trainer to the U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF), but with no result. However, the situation changed in 1934 when the Army Air Force was given a government contract to fly the postal mail. This included having to fly in bad weather as well as good, for which the USAAF had not previously carried out much training. During the first weeks of the mail service, nearly a dozen Army pilots were killed. The Army Air Force hierarchy remembered Ed Link and his trainer. Link flew in to meet them at Newark Field in New Jersey, and they were impressed by his ability to arrive on a day with poor visibility, due to practice on his training device. The result was that the USAAF purchased six Link Trainers, and this can be said to mark the start of the world flight simulation industry.[4]
World War II (1939–1945)[edit]
Military Personnel Using Link Trainer, Pepperell Manufacturing Co., 1943
The principal pilot trainer used during World War II was the Link Trainer. Some 10,000 were produced to train 500,000 new pilots from allied nations, many in the US and Canada because many pilots were trained in those countries before returning to Europe or the Pacific to fly combat missions.[4] Almost all US Army Air Force pilots were trained in a Link Trainer.[5]
A different type of World War II trainer was used for navigating at night by the stars. The Celestial Navigation Trainer of 1941 was 13.7 m (45 ft) high and capable of accommodating the navigation team of a bomber crew. It enabled sextants to be used for taking 'star shots' from a projected display of the night sky.[4]
1945 to the 1960s[edit]
In 1954 United Airlines bought four flight simulators at a cost of $3 million from Curtiss-Wright that were similar to the earlier models, with the addition of visuals, sound and movement. This was the first of today's modern flight simulators for commercial aircraft.[6]
Today[edit]
The simulator manufacturers are consolidating and integrate vertically as training offers double-digit growth: CAE forecast 255,000 new airline pilots from 2017 to 2027 (70 a day), and 180,000 first officers evolving to captains.The largest manufacturer is Canadian CAE Inc. with a 70% market share and $2.8 billion annual revenues, manufacturing training devices for 70 years but moved into training in 2000 with multiple acquisitions. Now CAE makes more from training than from producing the simulators.Crawley-based L3 CTS entered the market in 2012 by acquiring Thales Training & Simulation's manufacturing plant near Gatwick Airport where it assembles up to 30 devices a year, then UK CTC training school in 2015, Aerosim in Sanford, Florida in 2016, and Portuguese academy G Air in October 2017.[7]
With a 20% market share, equipment still accounts for more than half of L3 CTS turnover but that could soon be reversed as it educates 1,600 commercial pilots each year, 7% of the 22,000 entering the profession annually, and aims for 10% in a fragmented market.The third largest is TRU Simulation + Training, created in 2014 when parent Textron Aviation merged its simulators with Mechtronix, OPINICUS and ProFlight, focusing on simulators and developing the first full-flight simulators for the 737 MAX and the 777X.The fourth is FlightSafety International, focused on general, business and regional aircraft.Airbus and Boeing have invested in their own training centres, aiming for higher margins than aircraft manufacturing like MRO, competing with their suppliers CAE and L3.[7]
In June 2018 there were 1,270 commercial airline simulators in service, up by 50 over a year: 85% FFSs and 15% FTDs.CAE supplied 56% of this installed base, L3 CTS 20% and FlightSafety International 10%, while CAE's training centres are the largest operator with a 13% share.North America has 38% of the world's training devices, Asia-Pacific 25% and Europe 24%.Boeing types represent 45% of all simulated aircraft, followed by Airbus with 35%, then Embraer at 7%, Bombardier at 6% and ATR at 3%.[8]
Types of flight training devices in service[edit]
Training for pilots[edit]
Cockpit of a twinjet flight simulator.
Several different devices are utilized in modern flight training. Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) are used to practice basic cockpit procedures, such as processing emergency checklists, and for cockpit familiarization. Certain aircraft systems may or may not be simulated. The aerodynamic model is usually extremely generic if present at all.[9]
Technology[edit]
Motion[edit]
Statistically significant assessments of skill transfer based on training on a simulator and leading to handling an actual aircraft are difficult to make, particularly where motion cues are concerned. Large samples of pilot opinion are required and many subjective opinions tend to be aired, particularly by pilots not used to making objective assessments and responding to a structured test schedule. For many years, it was believed that 6 DOF motion-based simulation gave the pilot closer fidelity to flight control operations and aircraft responses to control inputs and external forces and gave a better training outcome for students than non-motion-based simulation. This is described as 'handling fidelity', which can be assessed by test flight standards such as the numerical Cooper-Harper rating scale for handling qualities. Recent scientific studies have shown that the use of technology such as vibration or dynamic seats within flight simulators can be equally effective in the delivery of training as large and expensive 6-DOF FFS devices.[10][11]
Qualification and approval[edit]
Full flight simulator of a Boeing 737
Procedure[edit]
Before September 2018 [12] when a manufacturer wished to have an ATD model approved, a document that contains the specifications for the model line and that proves compliance with the appropriate regulations is submitted to the FAA. Once this document, called a Qualification Approval Guide (QAG), has been approved, all future devices conforming to the QAG are automatically approved and individual evaluation is neither required nor available.[13]
The actual procedure accepted by all CAAs (Civil Aviation Authorities) around the world is to propose 30 days prior qualification date (40 days for CAAC) a MQTG document (Master Qualification Test Guide), which is proper to a unique simulator device and will live along the device itself, containing objective, and functional and subjective tests to demonstrate the representativeness of the simulator compare to the airplane. The results will be compared to Flight Test Data provided by aircraft OEMs or from test campaign ordered by simulator OEMs or also can be compared by POM (Proof Of Match)data provided by aircraft OEMs development simulators. Some of the QTGs will be rerun during the year to prove during continuous qualification that the simulator is still in the tolerances approved by the CAA.[14][15][16]
Flight simulator 'levels' and other categories[edit]
The following levels of qualification are currently being granted for both airplane and helicopter FSTD:
US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[edit]
- Aviation Training Device (ATD) [17]
- FAA Basic ATD (BATD) – Provides an adequate training platform and design for both procedural and operational performance tasks specific to the ground and flight training requirements for Private Pilot Certificate and instrument rating per Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
- FAA Advanced ATD (AATD) – Provides an adequate training platform for both procedural and operational performance tasks specific to the ground and flight training requirements for Private Pilot Certificate, instrument rating, Commercial Pilot Certificate, and Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) Certificate, and Flight Instructor Certificate.
- Flight Training Devices (FTD)[18]
- FAA FTD Level 4 – Similar to a Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT). This level does not require an aerodynamic model, but accurate systems modeling is required.
- FAA FTD Level 5 – Aerodynamic programming and systems modeling is required, but it may represent a family of aircraft rather than only one specific model.
- FAA FTD Level 6 – Aircraft-model-specific aerodynamic programming, control feel, and physical cockpit are required.
- FAA FTD Level 7 – Model specific, helicopter only. All applicable aerodynamics, flight controls, and systems must be modeled. A vibration system must be supplied. This is the first level to require a visual system.
- Full Flight Simulators (FFS)[19]
- FAA FFS Level A – A motion system is required with at least three degrees of freedom. Airplanes only.
- FAA FFS Level B – Requires three axis motion and a higher-fidelity aerodynamic model than does Level A. The lowest level of helicopter flight simulator.
- FAA FFS Level C – Requires a motion platform with all six degrees of freedom. Also lower transport delay (latency) over levels A & B. The visual system must have an outside-world horizontal field of view of at least 75 degrees for each pilot.
- FAA FFS Level D – The highest level of FFS qualification currently available. Requirements are for Level C with additions. The motion platform must have all six degrees of freedom, and the visual system must have an outside-world horizontal field of view of at least 150 degrees, with a Collimated (distant focus) display. Realistic sounds in the cockpit are required, as well as a number of special motion and visual effects.
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA, ex JAA)[edit]
- Flight Navigation and Procedures Trainer (FNPT)[20]
- EASA FNPT Level I
- EASA FNPT Level II
- EASA FNPT Level III – Helicopter only.
- MCC – Not a true 'level' of qualification, but an add-on that allows any level of FNPT to be used for Multi Crew Coordination training.
- Flight Training Devices (FTD)[20]
- EASA FTD Level 1
- EASA FTD Level 2
- EASA FTD Level 3 – Helicopter only.
- Full Flight Simulators (FFS)[20]
- EASA FFS Level A
- EASA FFS Level B
- EASA FFS Level C
- EASA FFS Level D
Modern high-end flight simulators[edit]
Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at NASA/Ames[edit]
The largest flight simulator in the world is the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at NASA Ames Research Center, south of San Francisco. This has a very large-throw motion system with 60 feet (+/- 30 ft) of vertical movement (heave). The heave system supports a horizontal beam on which are mounted 40 ft rails, allowing lateral movement of a simulator cab of +/- 20 feet. A conventional 6-degree of freedom hexapod platform is mounted on the 40 ft beam, and an interchangeable cabin is mounted on the platform. This design permits quick switching of different aircraft cabins. Simulations have ranged from blimps, commercial and military aircraft to the Space Shuttle. In the case of the Space Shuttle, the large Vertical Motion Simulator was used to investigate a longitudinal pilot-induced oscillation (PIO) that occurred on an early Shuttle flight just before landing. After identification of the problem on the VMS, it was used to try different longitudinal control algorithms and recommend the best for use in the Shuttle program.[21]
Disorientation training[edit]
AMST Systemtechnik GmbH (AMST) of Austria and Environmental Tectonics Corporation (ETC) of Philadelphia, US, manufacture a range of simulators for disorientation training, that have full freedom in yaw. The most complex of these devices is the Desdemona simulator at the TNO Research Institute in The Netherlands, manufactured by AMST. This large simulator has a gimballed cockpit mounted on a framework which adds vertical motion. The framework is mounted on rails attached to a rotating platform. The rails allow the simulator cab to be positioned at different radii from the centre of rotation and this gives a sustained G capability up to about 3.5.[22][23]
Amateur and video game flight simulation[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Federal Aviation Administration (25 April 2013). 'FAR 121 Subpart N—Training Program'. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^Bonnier Corporation (January 1919). 'Dry Shooting for Airplane Gunners'. Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 13–14.
- ^Fly Away Simulation (12 July 2010). 'Flight Simulator Technology Through the Years'. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ abcd'ASME Landmarks: The Link Flight Trainer.'Archived 17 December 2011 at the Wayback MachineAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved: 18 December 2011.
- ^'U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet: Link Trainer.'National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 12 October 2016.
- ^Hearst Magazines (September 1954). 'Airline Pilots Fly Anywhere in the world – Without Leaving the Ground'. Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 87.
- ^ abMurdo Morrison (25 June 2018). 'Civil simulator manufacturer strategies compared'. FlightGlobal.
- ^Antoine Fafard (26 June 2018). 'Analysis: Civil simulator fleet nears 1,300 mark'. FlightGlobal.
- ^'Navy CPT'. www.navair.navy.mil. U.S. Navy. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^Andrea L. Sparko; Judith Bürki-Cohen; Tiauw H. Go (2010). Transfer of Training from a Full-Flight Simulator vs. a High Level Flight Training Device with a Dynamic Seat. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2010-8218.
- ^Peter John Davison. 'A summary of studies conducted on the effect of motion in flight simulator pilot training'(PDF). MPL Simulator Solutions. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^FAA AC 61-136B
- ^FAA AC 61-136A
- ^FAA CFR Part 60
- ^EASA CS-FSTD(a) Issue 2
- ^CAAC CCAR-60
- ^AC-61-136A Appendix 1 and 2
- ^14 CFR Part 60, Appendices B and D
- ^14 CFR Part 60, Appendices A and C
- ^ abcCS-FSTD A and CS-FSTD H
- ^Beard, Steven; et al. 'Space Shuttle Landing and Rollout Training at the Vertical Motion Simulator'(PDF). AIAA. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
- ^'DESDEMONA: The next generation in movement simulation'Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Retrieved: 5 July 2012.
- ^Roza, M., M. Wentink and Ph. Feenstra. 'Performance Testing of the Desdemona Motion System.' AIAA MST, Hilton Head, South Carolina, 20–23 August 2007.
Bibliography[edit]
- Kelly, Lloyd L. as told to Robert B. Parke. The Pilot Maker. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1979, First edition 1970. ISBN0-448-02226-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flight simulators. |
- MiGMan's Flight Sim Museum, video game flight simulators from the 1970s to the present day
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